The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956.[1] In addition, 15 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination.[2]
The types of universities include:
Central universities, or Union universities are established by Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education in theUnion Human Resource Development Ministry.[3] The UGC lists 44 central universities.[4] However, as Central University of Jammu has not started operating as of June 2011,[5] there are, in effect, 43.
State universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act. As of 30 November 2011, the UGC lists 285 state universities.[6] The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the University of Mumbai, the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta.
Deemed university, or "Deemed-to-be-University", is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC, under Section 3 of the UGC Act.[7] The UGC list from 23 June 2008 lists 130 deemed universities.[8] According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. Note that in many cases, the same listing by the UGC covers several institutes. For example, the listing for Homi Bhabha National Institute covers the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research and other institutes.[9]
Private universities are approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges. The UGC list of private universities from 10 February 2012 lists 106 private universities.[10]
The total number of universities in India is 563. There are universities of some kind in each and every of the 28 states of India as well as three of the union territories, Chandigarh, Delhi and Pondicherry. The state with the most universities is Tamil Nadu with 55 universities. It is also the state with the most deemed universities, numbering 29.[8] Andhra Pradesh has the most state universities (32),[6] Rajasthan the most private universities (24),[10] while Delhi has six central universities, the largest number of all the states and territories.[4]
Apart from the above universities, other institutions are granted the permission to autonomously award degrees. However, they do not affiliate colleges and are not officially called "universities" but "autonomous organizations" or "autonomous institutes". They fall under the administrative control of the Department of Higher Education.[11] These organizations include the Indian Institutes of Technology, the National Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, the Indian Institutes of Management (though these award diplomas, not degrees)[12] and other autonomous institutes. These institutes are not listed below. Also not listed are institutes which are under the control of the professional councils, without approval of the UGC, e.g. Agricultural Universities, which are under the control of the Agricultural Education Division of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), one of the professional councils.[13][14]
Summary of universities in India by state and type
State
Central
universities
State
universities
Deemed
universities
Private
universities
Total
Andhra Pradesh (list)
3
32
7
0
42
Arunachal Pradesh (list)
1
0
1
0
2
Assam (list)
2
4
0
2
8
Bihar (list)
1
14
2
0
17
Chandigarh (list)
0
1
1
0
2
Chhattisgarh (list)
1
10
0
4
15
Delhi (list)
6
5
11%
0
22%
Goa (list)
0
1
0
0
1
Gujarat (list)
1
18
2
9
30
Haryana (list)
1
10
5
5
21
Himachal Pradesh (list)
1
4
0
12
17
Jammu and Kashmir (list)
1
6
0
0
7
Jharkhand (list)
1
7
2
1
11
Karnataka (list)
1
22
15
2
40
Kerala (list)
1
11
2
0
14
Madhya Pradesh (list)
2
15
3
6
26
Maharashtra (list)
1
19
21
0
41
Manipur (list)
2
0
0
0
2
Meghalaya (list)
1
0
0
7
8
Mizoram (list)
1
0
0
1
2
Nagaland (list)
1
0
0
2
3
Orissa (list)
1
12
2
1
16
Pondicherry (list)
1
0
1
0
2
Punjab (list)
1
7
2
3
13
Rajasthan (list)
1
14
8
24
47
Sikkim (list)
1
0
0
4
5
Tamil Nadu (list)
2
24
29
0
55
Tripura (list)
1
0
0
1
2
Uttar Pradesh (list)
4
23
10
16
53
Uttarakhand (list)
1
6
4
6
17
West Bengal (list)
1
20
1
0
22
Total
43
285
129%
106
563
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